学习目标
通过本章学习，你将能够： - 掌握 Nacos 的多种安装方式 - 理解单机模式和集群模式的区别 - 熟练配置 Nacos 的各项参数 - 完成数据库的配置和初始化 - 掌握 Nacos 的启动和管理
1. 环境准备
1.1 系统要求
from enum import Enum
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import List, Dict, Optional
import os
import platform
class OSType(Enum):
"""操作系统类型"""
LINUX = "linux"
WINDOWS = "windows"
MACOS = "macos"
class DeploymentMode(Enum):
"""部署模式"""
STANDALONE = "standalone" # 单机模式
CLUSTER = "cluster" # 集群模式
class DatabaseType(Enum):
"""数据库类型"""
DERBY = "derby" # 内嵌数据库
MYSQL = "mysql" # MySQL 数据库
@dataclass
class SystemRequirement:
"""系统要求数据类"""
component: str
minimum_version: str
recommended_version: str
description: str
@dataclass
class NacosConfig:
"""Nacos 配置数据类"""
server_port: int = 8848
management_port: int = 9848
management_context_path: str = "/nacos"
cluster_port: int = 9849
db_type: DatabaseType = DatabaseType.DERBY
db_url: Optional[str] = None
db_username: Optional[str] = None
db_password: Optional[str] = None
jvm_xms: str = "1g"
jvm_xmx: str = "1g"
jvm_xmn: str = "512m"
class NacosInstaller:
"""Nacos 安装器"""
def __init__(self):
self.system_requirements = self._initialize_requirements()
self.current_os = self._detect_os()
def _initialize_requirements(self) -> List[SystemRequirement]:
"""初始化系统要求"""
return [
SystemRequirement(
component="JDK",
minimum_version="1.8",
recommended_version="11+",
description="Java 开发工具包，支持 Oracle JDK 和 OpenJDK"
),
SystemRequirement(
component="Memory",
minimum_version="2GB",
recommended_version="4GB+",
description="系统内存，集群模式建议 8GB+"
),
SystemRequirement(
component="Disk",
minimum_version="10GB",
recommended_version="50GB+",
description="磁盘空间，用于存储日志和数据"
),
SystemRequirement(
component="MySQL",
minimum_version="5.6.5",
recommended_version="8.0+",
description="外部数据库（集群模式必需）"
)
]
def _detect_os(self) -> OSType:
"""检测操作系统"""
system = platform.system().lower()
if system == "linux":
return OSType.LINUX
elif system == "windows":
return OSType.WINDOWS
elif system == "darwin":
return OSType.MACOS
else:
return OSType.LINUX # 默认
def check_system_requirements(self) -> Dict[str, bool]:
"""检查系统要求"""
results = {}
# 检查 Java 版本
try:
java_version = os.popen('java -version 2>&1').read()
if 'java version' in java_version or 'openjdk version' in java_version:
results['java'] = True
print("✅ Java 环境检查通过")
else:
results['java'] = False
print("❌ Java 环境未安装")
except:
results['java'] = False
print("❌ Java 环境检查失败")
# 检查内存
try:
if self.current_os == OSType.LINUX:
mem_info = os.popen('free -m').read()
# 简化检查，实际应解析内存信息
results['memory'] = True
print("✅ 内存检查通过")
else:
results['memory'] = True
print("✅ 内存检查跳过（非 Linux 系统）")
except:
results['memory'] = False
print("❌ 内存检查失败")
# 检查磁盘空间
try:
if self.current_os == OSType.LINUX:
disk_info = os.popen('df -h').read()
results['disk'] = True
print("✅ 磁盘空间检查通过")
else:
results['disk'] = True
print("✅ 磁盘空间检查跳过（非 Linux 系统）")
except:
results['disk'] = False
print("❌ 磁盘空间检查失败")
return results
def generate_download_commands(self, version: str = "2.3.0") -> Dict[str, str]:
"""生成下载命令"""
base_url = f"https://github.com/alibaba/nacos/releases/download/{version}"
commands = {
OSType.LINUX: f"wget {base_url}/nacos-server-{version}.tar.gz",
OSType.WINDOWS: f"curl -L -o nacos-server-{version}.zip {base_url}/nacos-server-{version}.zip",
OSType.MACOS: f"curl -L -o nacos-server-{version}.tar.gz {base_url}/nacos-server-{version}.tar.gz"
}
return {os_type.value: cmd for os_type, cmd in commands.items()}
def generate_installation_script(self, mode: DeploymentMode,
config: NacosConfig) -> str:
"""生成安装脚本"""
if self.current_os == OSType.LINUX:
return self._generate_linux_script(mode, config)
elif self.current_os == OSType.WINDOWS:
return self._generate_windows_script(mode, config)
else:
return self._generate_macos_script(mode, config)
def _generate_linux_script(self, mode: DeploymentMode,
config: NacosConfig) -> str:
"""生成 Linux 安装脚本"""
script = f'''#!/bin/bash
# Nacos 安装脚本 - Linux
# 部署模式: {mode.value}
set -e
echo "开始安装 Nacos..."
# 1. 创建安装目录
NACOS_HOME="/opt/nacos"
sudo mkdir -p $NACOS_HOME
cd $NACOS_HOME
# 2. 下载 Nacos
echo "下载 Nacos 安装包..."
wget https://github.com/alibaba/nacos/releases/download/2.3.0/nacos-server-2.3.0.tar.gz
# 3. 解压安装包
echo "解压安装包..."
tar -xzf nacos-server-2.3.0.tar.gz
cd nacos
# 4. 配置 JVM 参数
echo "配置 JVM 参数..."
cat > bin/startup.sh << 'EOF'
#!/bin/bash
export JAVA_OPT="${{JAVA_OPT}} -Xms{config.jvm_xms}"
export JAVA_OPT="${{JAVA_OPT}} -Xmx{config.jvm_xmx}"
export JAVA_OPT="${{JAVA_OPT}} -Xmn{config.jvm_xmn}"
export JAVA_OPT="${{JAVA_OPT}} -Dnacos.standalone={"true" if mode == DeploymentMode.STANDALONE else "false"}"
# 启动 Nacos
sh $(dirname $0)/startup.sh -m {mode.value}
EOF
chmod +x bin/startup.sh
# 5. 配置数据库（如果使用 MySQL）
'''
if config.db_type == DatabaseType.MYSQL:
script += f'''
echo "配置 MySQL 数据库..."
cat > conf/application.properties << 'EOF'
# MySQL 数据库配置
spring.datasource.platform=mysql
db.num=1
db.url.0={config.db_url}
db.user.0={config.db_username}
db.password.0={config.db_password}
db.pool.config.connectionTimeout=30000
db.pool.config.validationTimeout=10000
db.pool.config.maximumPoolSize=20
db.pool.config.minimumIdle=2
EOF
# 初始化数据库
echo "初始化数据库..."
mysql -h{config.db_url.split('//')[1].split(':')[0]} -u{config.db_username} -p{config.db_password} < conf/nacos-mysql.sql
'''
script += '''
# 6. 设置系统服务
echo "设置系统服务..."
sudo cat > /etc/systemd/system/nacos.service << 'EOF'
[Unit]
Description=Nacos Server
After=network.target
[Service]
Type=forking
User=nacos
Group=nacos
ExecStart=/opt/nacos/nacos/bin/startup.sh -m standalone
ExecStop=/opt/nacos/nacos/bin/shutdown.sh
Restart=always
RestartSec=10
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF
# 7. 创建 nacos 用户
sudo useradd -r -s /bin/false nacos
sudo chown -R nacos:nacos /opt/nacos
# 8. 启用服务
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable nacos
echo "Nacos 安装完成！"
echo "启动命令: sudo systemctl start nacos"
echo "查看状态: sudo systemctl status nacos"
echo "访问地址: http://localhost:8848/nacos"
echo "默认账号: nacos/nacos"
'''
return script
def _generate_windows_script(self, mode: DeploymentMode,
config: NacosConfig) -> str:
"""生成 Windows 安装脚本"""
script = f'''@echo off
REM Nacos 安装脚本 - Windows
REM 部署模式: {mode.value}
echo 开始安装 Nacos...
REM 1. 创建安装目录
set NACOS_HOME=C:\\nacos
mkdir %NACOS_HOME%
cd /d %NACOS_HOME%
REM 2. 下载 Nacos（需要手动下载）
echo 请手动下载 nacos-server-2.3.0.zip 到当前目录
pause
REM 3. 解压安装包（需要手动解压）
echo 请手动解压 nacos-server-2.3.0.zip
pause
cd nacos
REM 4. 配置 JVM 参数
echo 配置 JVM 参数...
echo set JAVA_OPT=%%JAVA_OPT%% -Xms{config.jvm_xms} > bin\\startup.cmd.tmp
echo set JAVA_OPT=%%JAVA_OPT%% -Xmx{config.jvm_xmx} >> bin\\startup.cmd.tmp
echo set JAVA_OPT=%%JAVA_OPT%% -Xmn{config.jvm_xmn} >> bin\\startup.cmd.tmp
echo set JAVA_OPT=%%JAVA_OPT%% -Dnacos.standalone={"true" if mode == DeploymentMode.STANDALONE else "false"} >> bin\\startup.cmd.tmp
echo call bin\\startup.cmd -m {mode.value} >> bin\\startup.cmd.tmp
move bin\\startup.cmd.tmp bin\\startup.cmd
'''
if config.db_type == DatabaseType.MYSQL:
script += f'''
REM 5. 配置 MySQL 数据库
echo 配置 MySQL 数据库...
echo # MySQL 数据库配置 > conf\\application.properties
echo spring.datasource.platform=mysql >> conf\\application.properties
echo db.num=1 >> conf\\application.properties
echo db.url.0={config.db_url} >> conf\\application.properties
echo db.user.0={config.db_username} >> conf\\application.properties
echo db.password.0={config.db_password} >> conf\\application.properties
echo 请手动执行 conf\\nacos-mysql.sql 初始化数据库
pause
'''
script += '''
REM 6. 启动 Nacos
echo Nacos 安装完成！
echo 启动命令: bin\\startup.cmd
echo 停止命令: bin\\shutdown.cmd
echo 访问地址: http://localhost:8848/nacos
echo 默认账号: nacos/nacos
pause
'''
return script
def _generate_macos_script(self, mode: DeploymentMode,
config: NacosConfig) -> str:
"""生成 macOS 安装脚本"""
# macOS 脚本与 Linux 类似，但使用 brew 等 macOS 特有工具
return self._generate_linux_script(mode, config).replace(
"sudo useradd -r -s /bin/false nacos",
"# macOS 不需要创建系统用户"
).replace(
"sudo systemctl",
"# macOS 使用 launchctl 管理服务"
)
# 使用示例
if __name__ == "__main__":
# 创建安装器
installer = NacosInstaller()
# 检查系统要求
print("=== 系统要求检查 ===")
requirements_check = installer.check_system_requirements()
# 显示系统要求
print("\n=== 系统要求列表 ===")
for req in installer.system_requirements:
print(f"{req.component}:")
print(f" 最低版本: {req.minimum_version}")
print(f" 推荐版本: {req.recommended_version}")
print(f" 说明: {req.description}")
print()
# 生成下载命令
print("=== 下载命令 ===")
download_commands = installer.generate_download_commands()
for os_type, command in download_commands.items():
print(f"{os_type}: {command}")
# 生成安装脚本
print("\n=== 安装脚本生成 ===")
# 单机模式配置
standalone_config = NacosConfig(
server_port=8848,
db_type=DatabaseType.DERBY
)
standalone_script = installer.generate_installation_script(
DeploymentMode.STANDALONE,
standalone_config
)
print("单机模式安装脚本:")
print(standalone_script[:500] + "..." if len(standalone_script) > 500 else standalone_script)
# 集群模式配置
cluster_config = NacosConfig(
server_port=8848,
db_type=DatabaseType.MYSQL,
db_url="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/nacos?characterEncoding=utf8&connectTimeout=1000&socketTimeout=3000&autoReconnect=true&useUnicode=true&useSSL=false&serverTimezone=UTC",
db_username="nacos",
db_password="nacos"
)
cluster_script = installer.generate_installation_script(
DeploymentMode.CLUSTER,
cluster_config
)
print("\n集群模式安装脚本:")
print(cluster_script[:500] + "..." if len(cluster_script) > 500 else cluster_script)
2. 单机模式安装
2.1 快速安装
Linux/macOS 安装步骤
# 1. 下载 Nacos
wget https://github.com/alibaba/nacos/releases/download/2.3.0/nacos-server-2.3.0.tar.gz
# 2. 解压
tar -xzf nacos-server-2.3.0.tar.gz
cd nacos
# 3. 启动（单机模式）
sh startup.sh -m standalone
# 4. 查看日志
tail -f logs/start.out
Windows 安装步骤
REM 1. 下载并解压 nacos-server-2.3.0.zip
REM 2. 进入 nacos 目录
cd nacos
REM 3. 启动（单机模式）
startup.cmd -m standalone
REM 4. 查看日志
type logs\start.out
2.2 Docker 安装
# 1. 拉取镜像
docker pull nacos/nacos-server:v2.3.0
# 2. 启动容器（单机模式）
docker run -d \
--name nacos-standalone \
-p 8848:8848 \
-p 9848:9848 \
-e MODE=standalone \
-e PREFER_HOST_MODE=hostname \
nacos/nacos-server:v2.3.0
# 3. 查看日志
docker logs -f nacos-standalone
2.3 Docker Compose 安装
# docker-compose.yml
version: '3.8'
services:
nacos:
image: nacos/nacos-server:v2.3.0
container_name: nacos-standalone
environment:
- MODE=standalone
- PREFER_HOST_MODE=hostname
- JVM_XMS=512m
- JVM_XMX=512m
- JVM_XMN=256m
ports:
- "8848:8848"
- "9848:9848"
volumes:
- ./nacos/logs:/home/nacos/logs
- ./nacos/data:/home/nacos/data
restart: unless-stopped
networks:
- nacos-network
networks:
nacos-network:
driver: bridge
volumes:
nacos-logs:
nacos-data:
启动命令：
docker-compose up -d
3. 集群模式安装
3.1 数据库准备
3.1.1 MySQL 安装
# Ubuntu/Debian
sudo apt update
sudo apt install mysql-server
# CentOS/RHEL
sudo yum install mysql-server
# 或者
sudo dnf install mysql-server
# 启动 MySQL
sudo systemctl start mysql
sudo systemctl enable mysql
3.1.2 创建数据库
-- 1. 登录 MySQL
mysql -u root -p
-- 2. 创建数据库
CREATE DATABASE nacos DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci;
-- 3. 创建用户
CREATE USER 'nacos'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'nacos';
-- 4. 授权
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON nacos.* TO 'nacos'@'%';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
-- 5. 退出
EXIT;
3.1.3 初始化表结构
# 执行 Nacos 提供的 SQL 脚本
mysql -u nacos -p nacos < conf/nacos-mysql.sql
3.2 集群配置
3.2.1 cluster.conf 配置
# 编辑集群配置文件
cp conf/cluster.conf.example conf/cluster.conf
vim conf/cluster.conf
# cluster.conf 内容
# 格式: ip:port
192.168.1.101:8848
192.168.1.102:8848
192.168.1.103:8848
3.2.2 application.properties 配置
# conf/application.properties
# 服务器配置
server.port=8848
nacos.inetutils.prefer-hostname-over-ip=false
nacos.inetutils.ip-address=192.168.1.101
# 数据库配置
spring.datasource.platform=mysql
db.num=1
db.url.0=jdbc:mysql://192.168.1.100:3306/nacos?characterEncoding=utf8&connectTimeout=1000&socketTimeout=3000&autoReconnect=true&useUnicode=true&useSSL=false&serverTimezone=UTC
db.user.0=nacos
db.password.0=nacos
db.pool.config.connectionTimeout=30000
db.pool.config.validationTimeout=10000
db.pool.config.maximumPoolSize=20
db.pool.config.minimumIdle=2
# JVM 配置
nacos.cmdb.dumpTaskInterval=3600
nacos.cmdb.eventTaskInterval=10
nacos.cmdb.labelTaskInterval=300
nacos.cmdb.loadDataAtStart=false
# 认证配置
nacos.core.auth.enabled=true
nacos.core.auth.system.type=nacos
nacos.core.auth.plugin.nacos.token.secret.key=SecretKey012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
nacos.core.auth.plugin.nacos.token.expire.seconds=18000
nacos.core.auth.default.token.secret.key=SecretKey012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
# 管理配置
management.endpoints.web.exposure.include=*
management.metrics.export.elastic.enabled=false
management.metrics.export.influx.enabled=false
# 日志配置
nacos.logs.path=/opt/nacos/logs
server.tomcat.accesslog.enabled=true
server.tomcat.accesslog.pattern=%h %l %u %t "%r" %s %b %D %{User-Agent}i %{Request-Source}i
server.tomcat.basedir=/opt/nacos/tomcat
3.3 集群启动
3.3.1 启动脚本
#!/bin/bash
# start-cluster.sh
# 节点列表
NODES=("192.168.1.101" "192.168.1.102" "192.168.1.103")
NACOS_HOME="/opt/nacos"
for node in "${NODES[@]}"; do
echo "启动节点: $node"
ssh $node "cd $NACOS_HOME && sh startup.sh"
sleep 5
done
echo "集群启动完成"
3.3.2 健康检查
#!/bin/bash
# health-check.sh
NODES=("192.168.1.101:8848" "192.168.1.102:8848" "192.168.1.103:8848")
for node in "${NODES[@]}"; do
echo "检查节点: $node"
curl -s "http://$node/nacos/v1/ns/operator/metrics" | jq '.status'
done
3.4 负载均衡配置
3.4.1 Nginx 配置
# /etc/nginx/conf.d/nacos.conf
upstream nacos-cluster {
server 192.168.1.101:8848 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=10s;
server 192.168.1.102:8848 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=10s;
server 192.168.1.103:8848 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=10s;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name nacos.example.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://nacos-cluster;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
# 健康检查
proxy_next_upstream error timeout invalid_header http_500 http_502 http_503;
proxy_connect_timeout 5s;
proxy_send_timeout 10s;
proxy_read_timeout 10s;
}
# 健康检查端点
location /nacos/actuator/health {
proxy_pass http://nacos-cluster;
access_log off;
}
}
3.4.2 HAProxy 配置
# /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
global
daemon
maxconn 4096
log stdout local0
defaults
mode http
timeout connect 5000ms
timeout client 50000ms
timeout server 50000ms
option httplog
option dontlognull
option redispatch
retries 3
frontend nacos-frontend
bind *:80
default_backend nacos-backend
backend nacos-backend
balance roundrobin
option httpchk GET /nacos/actuator/health
http-check expect status 200
server nacos1 192.168.1.101:8848 check inter 5s rise 2 fall 3
server nacos2 192.168.1.102:8848 check inter 5s rise 2 fall 3
server nacos3 192.168.1.103:8848 check inter 5s rise 2 fall 3
listen stats
bind *:8404
stats enable
stats uri /stats
stats refresh 30s
stats admin if TRUE
4. 配置文件详解
4.1 application.properties 详解
class NacosConfigManager:
"""Nacos 配置管理器"""
def __init__(self):
self.config_sections = self._initialize_config_sections()
def _initialize_config_sections(self) -> Dict[str, Dict]:
"""初始化配置段"""
return {
"server": {
"description": "服务器基础配置",
"properties": {
"server.port": {
"default": "8848",
"description": "Nacos 服务端口",
"type": "int"
},
"server.servlet.contextPath": {
"default": "/nacos",
"description": "应用上下文路径",
"type": "string"
},
"server.tomcat.max-threads": {
"default": "200",
"description": "Tomcat 最大线程数",
"type": "int"
}
}
},
"database": {
"description": "数据库配置",
"properties": {
"spring.datasource.platform": {
"default": "mysql",
"description": "数据库平台类型",
"type": "string",
"options": ["mysql", "derby"]
},
"db.num": {
"default": "1",
"description": "数据库实例数量",
"type": "int"
},
"db.url.0": {
"default": "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/nacos",
"description": "数据库连接 URL",
"type": "string"
},
"db.user.0": {
"default": "nacos",
"description": "数据库用户名",
"type": "string"
},
"db.password.0": {
"default": "nacos",
"description": "数据库密码",
"type": "string"
}
}
},
"cluster": {
"description": "集群配置",
"properties": {
"nacos.inetutils.prefer-hostname-over-ip": {
"default": "false",
"description": "优先使用主机名而非 IP",
"type": "boolean"
},
"nacos.inetutils.ip-address": {
"default": "",
"description": "指定服务器 IP 地址",
"type": "string"
},
"nacos.server.port": {
"default": "8848",
"description": "集群通信端口",
"type": "int"
}
}
},
"auth": {
"description": "认证配置",
"properties": {
"nacos.core.auth.enabled": {
"default": "false",
"description": "启用认证",
"type": "boolean"
},
"nacos.core.auth.system.type": {
"default": "nacos",
"description": "认证系统类型",
"type": "string"
},
"nacos.core.auth.plugin.nacos.token.secret.key": {
"default": "",
"description": "JWT Token 密钥",
"type": "string"
}
}
}
}
def generate_config(self, mode: DeploymentMode,
custom_config: Dict = None) -> str:
"""生成配置文件"""
config_lines = []
config_lines.append("# Nacos 配置文件")
config_lines.append(f"# 部署模式: {mode.value}")
config_lines.append(f"# 生成时间: {time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')}")
config_lines.append("")
for section_name, section in self.config_sections.items():
config_lines.append(f"# {section['description']}")
for prop_name, prop_info in section['properties'].items():
if custom_config and prop_name in custom_config:
value = custom_config[prop_name]
else:
value = prop_info['default']
config_lines.append(f"{prop_name}={value}")
config_lines.append("")
return "\n".join(config_lines)
def validate_config(self, config: Dict[str, str]) -> Dict[str, List[str]]:
"""验证配置"""
errors = {}
for section_name, section in self.config_sections.items():
section_errors = []
for prop_name, prop_info in section['properties'].items():
if prop_name in config:
value = config[prop_name]
# 类型检查
if prop_info['type'] == 'int':
try:
int(value)
except ValueError:
section_errors.append(f"{prop_name} 必须是整数")
elif prop_info['type'] == 'boolean':
if value.lower() not in ['true', 'false']:
section_errors.append(f"{prop_name} 必须是 true 或 false")
# 选项检查
if 'options' in prop_info:
if value not in prop_info['options']:
section_errors.append(
f"{prop_name} 必须是 {prop_info['options']} 中的一个"
)
if section_errors:
errors[section_name] = section_errors
return errors
# 使用示例
if __name__ == "__main__":
config_manager = NacosConfigManager()
# 生成单机模式配置
print("=== 单机模式配置 ===")
standalone_config = {
"server.port": "8848",
"spring.datasource.platform": "derby"
}
config_content = config_manager.generate_config(
DeploymentMode.STANDALONE,
standalone_config
)
print(config_content[:500] + "...")
# 验证配置
print("\n=== 配置验证 ===")
test_config = {
"server.port": "invalid_port",
"nacos.core.auth.enabled": "maybe"
}
validation_errors = config_manager.validate_config(test_config)
if validation_errors:
print("配置错误:")
for section, errors in validation_errors.items():
print(f" {section}:")
for error in errors:
print(f" - {error}")
else:
print("配置验证通过")
4.2 JVM 参数优化
# startup.sh 中的 JVM 参数配置
# 基础内存配置
export JAVA_OPT="${JAVA_OPT} -Xms2g" # 初始堆大小
export JAVA_OPT="${JAVA_OPT} -Xmx2g" # 最大堆大小
export JAVA_OPT="${JAVA_OPT} -Xmn1g" # 新生代大小
# GC 配置
export JAVA_OPT="${JAVA_OPT} -XX:+UseG1GC" # 使用 G1 垃圾收集器
export JAVA_OPT="${JAVA_OPT} -XX:MaxGCPauseMillis=200" # 最大 GC 暂停时间
export JAVA_OPT="${JAVA_OPT} -XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions"
export JAVA_OPT="${JAVA_OPT} -XX:+UseZGC" # 使用 ZGC（JDK 11+）
# 内存溢出处理
export JAVA_OPT="${JAVA_OPT} -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError"
export JAVA_OPT="${JAVA_OPT} -XX:HeapDumpPath=/opt/nacos/logs/"
# JIT 编译优化
export JAVA_OPT="${JAVA_OPT} -XX:+TieredCompilation"
export JAVA_OPT="${JAVA_OPT} -XX:TieredStopAtLevel=1"
# 网络优化
export JAVA_OPT="${JAVA_OPT} -Djava.net.preferIPv4Stack=true"
export JAVA_OPT="${JAVA_OPT} -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8"
# 日志配置
export JAVA_OPT="${JAVA_OPT} -Dnacos.logs.path=/opt/nacos/logs"
export JAVA_OPT="${JAVA_OPT} -Dlogging.config=/opt/nacos/conf/nacos-logback.xml"
5. 验证安装
5.1 访问控制台
安装完成后，通过浏览器访问： - URL: http://localhost:8848/nacos - 默认账号: nacos - 默认密码: nacos
5.2 API 测试
# 1. 健康检查
curl http://localhost:8848/nacos/actuator/health
# 2. 获取服务列表
curl "http://localhost:8848/nacos/v1/ns/service/list?pageNo=1&pageSize=10"
# 3. 注册服务
curl -X POST "http://localhost:8848/nacos/v1/ns/instance" \
-d "serviceName=test-service&ip=192.168.1.100&port=8080"
# 4. 发现服务
curl "http://localhost:8848/nacos/v1/ns/instance/list?serviceName=test-service"
5.3 配置测试
# 1. 发布配置
curl -X POST "http://localhost:8848/nacos/v1/cs/configs" \
-d "dataId=test.properties&group=DEFAULT_GROUP&content=test.key=test.value"
# 2. 获取配置
curl "http://localhost:8848/nacos/v1/cs/configs?dataId=test.properties&group=DEFAULT_GROUP"
# 3. 删除配置
curl -X DELETE "http://localhost:8848/nacos/v1/cs/configs?dataId=test.properties&group=DEFAULT_GROUP"
6. 常见问题
6.1 启动失败
问题: Nacos 启动失败
解决方案:
# 1. 检查 Java 版本
java -version
# 2. 检查端口占用
netstat -tlnp | grep 8848
# 3. 查看启动日志
tail -f logs/start.out
tail -f logs/nacos.log
# 4. 检查配置文件
cat conf/application.properties
6.2 数据库连接失败
问题: MySQL 数据库连接失败
解决方案:
# 1. 测试数据库连接
mysql -h localhost -u nacos -p nacos
# 2. 检查数据库配置
grep -E "^db\." conf/application.properties
# 3. 检查防火墙
sudo ufw status
sudo firewall-cmd --list-ports
# 4. 检查 MySQL 服务状态
sudo systemctl status mysql
6.3 集群节点无法通信
问题: 集群节点之间无法通信
解决方案:
# 1. 检查集群配置
cat conf/cluster.conf
# 2. 测试节点连通性
telnet 192.168.1.101 8848
# 3. 检查防火墙规则
sudo iptables -L
# 4. 查看集群状态
curl "http://localhost:8848/nacos/v1/ns/operator/cluster"
7. 总结
7.1 核心要点
- 环境准备: 确保 JDK、数据库等环境满足要求
- 模式选择: 根据需求选择单机或集群模式
- 配置优化: 合理配置 JVM 参数和应用参数
- 安全加固: 启用认证、配置防火墙、使用 HTTPS
- 监控运维: 配置日志、监控指标、健康检查
7.2 最佳实践
- 生产环境: 使用集群模式 + 外部数据库
- 资源规划: 合理分配 CPU、内存、磁盘资源
- 网络规划: 配置负载均衡、防火墙规则
- 备份策略: 定期备份配置和数据
- 版本管理: 使用稳定版本，制定升级计划
7.3 下一步学习
在下一章中，我们将学习： - 服务注册与发现的原理和实践 - 健康检查机制的配置 - 负载均衡策略的选择 - 服务路由规则的设置
通过本章的学习，你已经掌握了 Nacos 的安装和基础配置。接下来让我们深入学习服务注册与发现的核心功能！
